武术简介
Wushu (simplified Chinese: 武术; traditional Chinese: 武術) is both an exhibition and a full-contact sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts.[1][2] It was developed in China after 1949, in an effort to standardize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts,[3] although attempts to structure the various decentralized martial arts traditions date back earlier, when the Central Guoshu Institute was established at Nanking in 1928. The term wushu is Chinese for “martial arts” (武 “Wu” = military or martial, 术 “Shu” = art). In contemporary times, wushu has become an internationalsport through the International Wushu Federation (IWUF), which holds the World Wushu Championships every two years; the first World Championships were held in 1991 in Beijing and won by Yuan Wen Qing.[4]
Competitive wushu is composed of two disciplines: taolu (套路; forms) and sanda (散打; sparring).[5] Taolu involve martial art patterns and maneuvers for which competitors are judged and given points according to specific rules. The forms comprise basic movements (stances, kicks, punches, balances, jumps, sweeps and throws) based on aggregate categories of traditional Chinese martial art styles and can be changed for competitions to highlight one’s strengths. Competitive forms have time limits that can range from 1 minute, 20 seconds for some external styles to over five minutes for internal styles. Modern wushu competitors are increasingly training in aerial techniques such as 540-, 720-, and even 900-degree jumps and kicks to add more difficulty and style to their forms.[6]
Sanda (sometimes called sanshou or Lei tai) is a modern fighting method and sport influenced by traditional Chinese boxing, Chinese wrestling methods called Shuai jiao and other Chinese grappling techniques such as Chin Na. It has all the combat aspects of wushu. Sanda appears much likeKickboxing or Muay Thai, but includes many more grappling techniques. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu or form competitions.
武术是以肢体或冷兵器、武器互相竞技的技术。前者之内容为锻炼身体各部位以攻击对手，种类分为踢打拿摔四大类；后者则以刀、枪、棍、剑、鞭、镖、锤、矛、钯等冷兵器为主。武术虽是互相格斗的技术，但学习武术除了作格斗用外，学习的原因也可能是为了防卫、竞技。现代武器（火炮、电子形式）广泛运用后，冷兵器逐渐被淘汰，间接导致以冷兵器与肉体为武器的攻击技术在战场上式微。
武术一词一般会直接联想到东亚，不过世界许多地方都有其特别的武术。欧洲最早是在1550年开始使用武术的英文“martial arts”。1639年英国一本击剑的书也提到此一词语，特别用来强调击剑的“科学和艺术”。